Hooker permits me to add that after having carefully read my manuscript medicine bow wyoming purchase 2.5 mg oxybutynin otc, and examined the tables medications a to z oxybutynin 2.5 mg free shipping, he thinks that the following statements are fairly well established. The whole subject, however, treated as it necessarily here is with much brevity, is rather perplexing, and allusions cannot be avoided to the "struggle for existence," "divergence of character," and other questions, hereafter to be discussed. Alphonse de Candolle and others have shown that plants which have very wide ranges generally present varieties; and this might have been expected, as they are exposed to diverse physical conditions, and as they come into competition (which, as we shall hereafter see, is an equally or more important circumstance) with different sets of organic beings. But my tables further show that, in any limited country, the species which are the most common, that is abound most in individuals, and the species which are most widely diffused within their own country (and this is a different consideration from wide range, and to a certain extent from commonness), oftenest give rise to varieties sufficiently well marked to have been recorded in botanical works. Hence it is the most flourishing, or, as they may be called, the dominant species,- those which range widely, are the most diffused in their own country, and are the most numerous in individuals,- which oftenest produce well-marked varieties, or, as I consider them, incipient species. And this, perhaps, might have been anticipated; for as varieties, in order to become in any 45 degree permanent, necessarily have to struggle with the other inhabitants of the country, the species which are already dominant will be the most likely to yield offspring, which, though in some slight degree modified, still inherit those advantages that enabled their parents to become dominant over their compatriots. In these remarks on predominance, it should be understood that reference is made only to the forms which come into competition with each other, and more especially to the members of the same genus or class having nearly similar habits of life. With respect to the number of individuals or commonness of species, the comparison of course relates only to the members of the same group. One of the higher plants may be said to be dominant if it be more numerous in individuals and more widely diffused than the other plants of the same country, which live under nearly the same conditions. A plant of this kind is not the less dominant because some conferva inhabiting the water or some parasitic fungus is infinitely more numerous in individuals and more widely diffused. But if the conferva or parasitic fungus exceeds its allies in the above respects, it will then be dominant within its own class. Species of the Larger Genera in each Country vary more frequently than the Species of the Smaller Genera. If the plants inhabiting a country, as described in any Flora, be divided into two equal masses, all those in the larger genera. This might have been anticipated; for the mere fact of many species of the same genus inhabiting any country, shows that there is something in the organic or inorganic conditions of that country favourable to the genus; and, consequently, we might have expected to have found in the larger genera or those including many species, a larger proportional number of dominant species. But so many causes tend to obscure this result, that I am surprised that my tables show even a small majority on the side of the larger genera. Fresh-water and salt-loving plants generally have very wide ranges and are much diffused, but this seems to be connected with the nature of the stations inhabited by them, and has little or no relation to the size of the genera to which the species belong. Again, 46 plants low in the scale of organisation are generally much more widely diffused than plants higher in the scale; and here again there is no close relation to the size of the genera. The cause of lowly-organised plants ranging widely will be discussed in our chapter on Geographical Distribution. From looking at species as only strongly marked and well-defined varieties, I was led to anticipate that the species of the larger genera in each country would oftener present varieties, than the species of the smaller genera; for wherever many closely related species. Where many species of a genus have been formed through variation, circumstances have been favourable for variation; and hence we might expect that the circumstances would generally be still favourable to variation. On the other hand, if we look at each species as a special act of creation, there is no apparent reason why more varieties should occur in a group having many species, than in one having few. To test the truth of this anticipation I have arranged the plants of twelve countries, and the coleopterous insects of two districts, into two nearly equal masses, the species of the larger genera on one side, and those of the smaller genera on the other side, and it has invariably proved to be the case that a larger proportion of the species on the side of the larger genera presented varieties, than on the side of the smaller genera. Moreover, the species of the large genera which present any varieties, invariably present a larger average number of varieties than do the species of the small genera. Both these results follow when another division is made, and when all the least genera, with from only one to four species, are altogether excluded from the tables. These facts are of plain signification on the view that species are only strongly-marked and permanent varieties; for wherever many species of the same genus have been formed, or where, if we may use the expression, the manufactory of species has been active, we ought generally to find the manufactory still in action, more especially as we have every reason to believe the process of manufacturing new species to be a slow one. And this certainly holds true, if varieties be looked at as incipient species; for my tables clearly show as a general rule that, wherever many species of a genus have been 47 formed, the species of that genus present a number of varieties, that is of incipient species, beyond the average. It is not that all large genera are now varying much, and are thus increasing in the number of their species, or that no small genera are now varying and increasing; for if this had been so, it would have been fatal to my theory; inasmuch as geology plainly tells us that small genera have in the lapse of time often increased greatly in size; and that large genera have often come to their maxima, declined, and disappeared. All that we want to show is, that when many species of a genus have been formed, on an average many are still forming; and this certainly holds good. Many of the Species included within the Larger Genera resemble Varieties in being very closely, but unequally, related to each other, and in having restricted ranges There are other relations between the species of large genera and their recorded varieties which deserve notice. We have seen that there is no infallible criterion by which to distinguish species and well-marked varieties; and when intermediate links have not been found between doubtful forms, naturalists are compelled to come to a determination by the amount of difference between them, judging by analogy whether or not the amount suffices to raise one or both to the rank of species. Hence the amount of difference is one very important criterion in settling whether two forms should be ranked as species or varieties.
In many cases this could not be otherwise; thus the inherited peculiarities in the horns of cattle could appear only in the offspring when nearly mature; peculiarities in the silkworm are known to appear at the corresponding caterpillar or cocoon stage symptoms kidney disease generic oxybutynin 2.5 mg with mastercard. But hereditary diseases and some other facts make me believe that the rule has a wider extension symptoms hiatal hernia buy discount oxybutynin 5 mg online, and that, when there is no apparent reason why a peculiarity should appear at any particular age, yet that it does tend to appear in the offspring at the same period at which it first appeared in 11 the parent. I believe this rule to be of the highest importance in explaining the laws of embryology. These remarks are of course confined to the first appearance of the peculiarity, and not to the primary cause which may have acted on the ovules or on the male element; in nearly the same manner as the increased length of the horns in the offspring from a short-horned cow by a long-horned bull, though appearing late in life, is clearly due to the male element. Having alluded to the subject of reversion, I may here refer to a statement often made by naturalists- namely, that our domestic varieties, when run wild, gradually but invariably revert in character to their aboriginal stocks. Hence it has been argued that no deductions can be drawn from domestic races to species in a state of nature. I have in vain endeavoured to discover on what decisive facts the above statement has so often and so boldly been made. There would be great difficulty in proving its truth: we may safely conclude that very many of the most strongly marked domestic varieties could not possibly live in a wild state. In many cases, we do not know what the aboriginal stock was, and so could not tell whether or not nearly perfect reversion had ensued. It would be necessary, in order to prevent the effects of intercrossing, that only a single variety should have been turned loose in its new home. Nevertheless, as our varieties certainly do occasionally revert in some of their characters to ancestral forms, it seems to me not improbable that if we could succeed in naturalising, or were to cultivate, during many generations, the several races, for instance, of the cabbage, in very poor soil (in which case, however, some effect would have to be attributed to the definite action of the poor soil), that they would, to a large extent, or even wholly, revert to the wild aboriginal stock. Whether or not the experiment would succeed, is not of great importance for our line of argument; for by the experiment itself the conditions of life are changed. If it could be shown that our domestic varieties manifested a strong tendency to reversion,- that is, to lose their acquired characters, whilst kept under the same conditions, and whilst kept in a considerable body, so that free intercrossing might check, by blending together, any slight deviations in their structure, in such case, I grant that we could deduce nothing from domestic varieties in regard to species. But there is not a shadow of evidence in favour of this view: to assert that we could not breed our cart- and race-horses, long and short-horned cattle, and 12 poultry of various breeds, and esculent vegetables, for an unlimited number of generations, would be opposed to all experience. Character of Domestic Varieties; Difficulty of distinguishing between Varieties and Species; Origin of Domestic Varieties from one or more Species When we look to the hereditary varieties or races of our domestic animals and plants, and compare them with closely allied species, we generally perceive in each domestic race, as already remarked, less uniformity of character than in true species. Domestic races often have a somewhat monstrous character; by which I mean, that, although differing from each other, and from other species of the same genus, in several trifling respects, they often differ in an extreme degree in some one part, both when compared one with another, and more especially when compared with the species under nature to which they are nearest allied. With these exceptions (and with that of the perfect fertility of varieties when crossed,- a subject hereafter to be discussed), domestic races of the same species differ from each other in the same manner as do the closely-allied species of the same genus in a state of nature, but the differences in most cases are less in degree. This must be admitted as true, for the domestic races of many animals and plants have been ranked by some competent judges as the descendants of aboriginally distinct species, and by other competent judges as mere varieties. If any well marked distinction existed between a domestic race and a species, this source of doubt would not so perpetually recur. It has often been stated that domestic races do not differ from each other in character of generic value. It can be shown that this statement is not correct; but naturalists differ much in determining what characters are of generic value; all such valuations being at present empirical. When it is explained how genera originate under nature, it will be seen that we have no right to expect often to find a generic amount of difference in our domesticated races. In attempting to estimate the amount of structural difference between allied domestic races, we are soon involved in doubt, from not knowing whether they are descended from one or several parent species. This point, if it could be cleared up, would be interesting; if, for instance, it could be shown that the greyhound, bloodhound, terrier, spaniel, and 13 bull-dog, which we all know propagate their kind truly, were the offspring of any single species, then such facts would have great weight in making us doubt about the immutability of the many closely allied natural species- for instance, of the many foxes- inhabiting different quarters of the world. I do not believe, as we shall presently see, that the whole amount of difference between the several breeds of the dog has been produced under domestication; I believe that a small part of the difference is due to their being descended from distinct species. In the case of strongly marked races of some other domesticated species, there is presumptive or even strong evidence, that all are descended from a single wild stock. It has often been assumed that man has chosen for domestication animals and plants having an extraordinary inherent tendency to vary, and likewise to withstand diverse climates. I do not dispute that these capacities have added largely to the value of most of our domesticated productions: but how could a savage possibly know, when he first tamed an animal, whether it would vary in succeeding generations, and whether it would endure other climates Has the little variability of the ass and goose, or the small power of endurance of warmth by the reindeer, or of cold by the common camel, prevented their domestication I cannot doubt that if other animals and plants, equal in number to our domesticated productions, and belonging to equally diverse classes and countries, were taken from a state of nature, and could be made to breed for an equal number of generations under domestication, they would on an average vary as largely as the parent species of our existing domesticated productions have varied. In the case of most of our anciently domesticated animals and plants, it is not possible to come to any definite conclusion, whether they are descended from one or several wild species. The argument mainly relied on by those who believe in the multiple origin of our domestic animals is, that we find in the most ancient times, on the monuments of Egypt, and in the lake-habitations of Switzerland, much diversity in the breeds; and that some of these ancient breeds closely resemble, or are even identical with, those still existing.
Brain and spinal cord haemorrhages associated with Angiostrongylus vasorum infection in four dogs medications band buy 2.5 mg oxybutynin mastercard. Acute haemoabdomen associated with Angiostrongylus vasorum infection in a dog: a case report symptoms 4 weeks buy cheap oxybutynin 2.5mg on-line. Haematologicaland biochemical changes in dogs naturally infected with Angiostrongylus vasorum before and after treatment. There were multiple gingival ulcers located where the teeth had contact with the buccal mucosa, an acute diffuse purulent rhinitis and a marked bronchopneumonia of the cranioventral lung areas. Predominantly at the head and neck, the skin showed multifocal well demarcated areas characterized by alopecia, crusts and thickened epidermis. Haired skin, calf: There is a thick serocellular crust covering a focally extensive area of the epidermis. Often, hair follicles are additionally mildly expanded by clumped keratin (infundibular hyperkeratosis). Around blood vessels in the upper dermis is a mild inflammatory infiltrate composed of eosinophils, of lymphocytes and as well as of lesser neutrophils and macrophages. Haired skin, calf: A silver stain demonstrates the fungal hyphae within the hair shafts. Outbreaks are often associated with (degenerated eosinophils and neutrophils) and an crowding with a seasonal increase of cases in fall eosinophilic homogenous material (exudate). Lesions have a typical anatomical epidermis is mildly thickened (hyperplasia) and distribution: the skin of head and neck. On the signs are pruritic and alopecic well-demarcated epidermal surface and between the keratin thickened skin lesions with scales and crusts. Dermatophytes colonize the exoskeleton with occasional spines, striated superficial dermis and hair follicles and they are musculature and jointed appendages (scab mites). However, in the present case, the mites are detectable on the surface and between superficial keratin lamellae whereas Sarcoptes mites dig deeper. On the other hand there were no burrows filled with eggs and/ or larvae within the layers of the epidermis, which are typical for Sarcoptes but not seen in Psoroptes infestation. Haired skin, calf: Cross-sections of several arthropod parasties (consistent with mites) are present superficially to adjacent, less affected skin. Due to severe pruritus, excoriations and secondary bacterial infections may blur the picture. In more severe cases the skin shows increased thickness with diffuse alopecia and deep folds. Due to an assumed hypersensitivity reaction there is often spongiosis In the present case, a combined infection with dermatophytes and mites occurred. The nutritional stage and concurrent debilitating diseases may have influenced the development of both infections. Both diseases, mange and dermatophytosis, are differentials for each other, and it has to be considered, that dermatophytosis is a zoonotic disease. In contrast to Sarcoptes mites Psoroptes mites are believed to be nonpathogenic for humans. Conference Comment: Conference participants debated whether the rare mites observed in this case were associated with any of the identified lesions. As noted by the contributor, they are located superficially, sometimes exterior to the stratum corneum, are at a distance from the crust formation, and no burrows or larvae are present in the slides examined. We eventually elected to include the presence of mites within one diagnosis which implies their association with the cutaneous lesion, however, we cannot definitively prove their causality. Dermatophytosis is more common in young animals and often associated with immunosuppression, which is supported in this case by the simultaneous symptoms of respiratory disease and oral ulcers. Notably, other than the neutrophils within the crusts, there is minimal inflammation present despite the fungal proliferation within nearly every hair shaft. The arthrospores are always along the periphery of the hair while hyphae are confined within the hair shaft.
I think it well frequently to look overthelistofmysermons medicine go down cheap 2.5 mg oxybutynin,andseewhetheranydoctrinehasescapedmy attention symptoms diverticulitis order oxybutynin 2.5mg line,oranyChristiangracehasbeenneglectedinmyministrations. It is well to enquire whether we have been too doctrinal lately, or too barely practical, or too exclusively experimental. We do not desire to degenerate into Antinomians, nor, on the other hand, to descend to be mereteachersofacoldmorality,butourambitionistomakefullproofof our ministry. Doctrine, precept, history, type, psalm, proverb, experience, warning, promise, invitation, threatening, or rebuke-we would include the whole of inspired truth within the circle of our teachings. Let us abhor all one-sidedness, all exaggeration of one truth anddisparagementofanother,andletusendeavourtopainttheportrait of truth with balanced features and blended colours, lest we dishonour herbypresentingdistortioninsteadofsymmetry,andacaricaturefora faithfulcopy. Supposing, however, that you have prayed in that little room of yours, have wrestled hard and supplicated long, and have thought over your peopleandtheirwants,andstillyoucannotmeetwiththetext-well,do not fret about it, nor give way to despair. If you were about to go a warfare at your own charges, it would be a very miserable thing to be short of powder, and the battle so near; but as your Captain has to provide, there is no doubt that all in good time he will serve out the ammunition. DowhatIwould,noresponsecamefromthesacredoracle,no light flashed from the Urim and Thummim; I prayed, I meditated, I turnedfromoneversetoanother,butthemindwouldnottakehold,orI was,asBunyanwouldsay,"muchtumbledupanddowninmythoughts. The text was sent to me, and if the ravens did not bring it, certainly the sparrows did. At another time, while labouring at Waterbeach,IhadpreachedontheSundaymorning,andgonehometo dinner, as was my wont, with one of the congregation. Unfortunately, therewerethreeservices,andtheafternoonsermoncamesocloseupon the back of the morning, that it was difficult to prepare the soul, especiallyasthedinnerisanecessarybutseriousinconveniencewherea clearbrainisrequired. Bya careful measuring of diet, I remained, on that occasion, in an earnest, livelycondition,buttomydismay,Ifoundthatthepre-arrangedlineof thought was gone from me. I could not find the trail of my prepared sermon, and press my forehead as I might, the missing topic would not come. Timewasbrief,thehourwasstriking,andinsomealarmItoldthe honest farmer that I could not for the life of me recollect what I had intendedtopreachabout. IopenedtheBibletofindthetext,whichI hadcarefullystudiedasthetopicofdiscourse,whenontheoppositepage another passage of Scripture sprang upon me like a lion from a thicket, withvastlymorepowerthanIhadfeltwhenconsideringthetextwhichI hadchosen. I was naturally desiroustoruninthetrackwhichIhadcarefullyplanned,buttheother text would take no refusal, and seemed to tug at myskirts,crying,"No, no, you must preach from me. Ipassedthroughthefirst headwithconsiderableliberty,speakingperfectlyextemporaneouslyboth as to thought and word. The second point was dwelt upon with a consciousnessofunusualquietefficientpower,butIhadnoideawhatthe thirdwouldorcouldbe,forthetextyieldednomorematterjustthen,nor can I tell even now what I could have done had not an event occurred upon which I had never calculated. I had brought myself into great difficulty by obeying what I thought to be a divine impulse, and I felt comparatively easy about it, believing that God would help me, and knowing that I could at least close the service should there be nothing moretobesaid. Ihadnoneedtodeliberate,forinonemomentwewere in total darkness-the gas had gone out, and as the aisles were choked withpeople,andtheplaceeverywherecrowded,itwasagreatperil,buta greatblessing. Thepeoplewerealittlefrightened, but I quieted them instantly by telling them not to be at all alarmed, thoughthegaswasout,foritwouldsoonberelighted;andasformyself, having no manuscript, I could speak just as well in the dark as in the light,iftheywouldbesogoodastositandlisten. Iturnedatoncementally to the well-known text which speaks of the child of light walking in darkness, and the child of darkness walking in the light, and found appropriateremarksandillustrationspouringinuponme,andwhenthe lampswereagainlit,Isawbeforemeanaudienceasraptandsubduedas ever a man beheld in his life. The odd thing of all was, that some few church-meetings afterwards, two persons came forward to make confession of their faith, who professed to have been converted that evening; but the first owed her conversion to the former part of the discourse, which was on the new text that came to me, and the other traced his awakening to the latter part, which was occasioned by the suddendarkness. Icastmyself upon God, and his arrangements quenched the light at the proper time forme. Anything is better than mechanical sermonising, in which the directionoftheSpiritispracticallyignored. EveryHolyGhostpreacher,I have no doubt, will have such recollections clustering around his ministry. Ifyouhavesolemnlydoneyourbest togetatext,andthesubjectdoesnotstartupbeforeyou,goupintothe pulpit firmly convinced that you will receive a message when the time comes,eventhoughyouhavenotawordatthatmoment. Under certain circumstances you will be absolutely compelled to cast away the well-studied discourse, and rely upon the present help of the HolySpirit,usingpurelyextemporespeech. Youmayfindyourselfinthe position of the late Kingman Nott, when preaching in the National Theatre,NewYork.
Detect Gems (Sp): 3/day-as detect magic (caster level 13th) medications not to take with blood pressure meds buy 5mg oxybutynin visa, except that the power only detects gems symptoms 24 buy oxybutynin 5 mg on line. Ayunken-vanzan Ancient Gold Dragon Ayunken-vanzan is a well-rounded dragon, with many interests and areas of expertise. He is sophisticated, polite, and charming, and speaks with authority on dozens of subjects. His particular area of interest, at least at present, is theology, and he actively seeks out the company of celestials in order to discuss matters concerning good deities and the planes they call home. He enjoys adopting the guise of a humanoid sage in order to visit universities and other places of learning and consult with other experts in his fields of interest. Detect Gems (Sp): 3/day-as detect magic (caster level 15th), except that the power only detects gems. She has no tolerance whatsoever for poor manners, bad grooming, offensive language, or-worst of all-anything she defines as immorality. Perhaps surprisingly, she does not take issue with the prevalence of violence, and, in fact, quickly resorts to violent measures to discipline those who offend her sense of propriety-even if that violence is just a backhanded swat with her tail for nonlethal damage, accompanied by a sharp-tongued admonition. Detect Gems (Sp): 3/day-as detect magic (caster level 17th), except that the power only detects gems. The dragon has amassed a collection of books from lands known and unknown, purchasing, trading for, and even copying himself every book he can find. His breadth of knowledge is astonishing, accumulated over a period of four millennia. As his twilight approaches, Riikano-alinaris is searching for an appropriate heir to his collection. He has many children, but none of them have proven to his satisfaction that their love of knowledge, and of books in particular, is great enough to deserve such a monumental inheritance. Snatch (Ex): Against Large or smaller creatures, bite for 4d8+18/round or claw for 4d6+9/round. Detect Gems (Sp): 3/day-as detect magic (caster level 19th), except that the power only detects gems. Water Breathing (Ex): All green dragons can breathe underwater indefinitely and can freely use their breath weapons, spells, and other abilities while submerged. Skills: A green dragon can move through water at its swim speed without making Swim checks. Blister Wyrmling Green Dragon Blister counts herself among the woodland nobility, along with the beasts of prey. She detests laughter and merriment, disliking elves and positively loathing pixies, grigs, and other carefree sylvan folk. She stalks through the trees, high and low, sometimes winging over the forest canopy, sometimes fluttering among the boles of the trees, sometimes slinking on foot. She has recently located the dwelling place of a band of pixies and has attempted several raids, but the pixies have thus far successfully evaded her attacks. Her last sortie left her entangled while the pixies danced about her and laughed before packing up their meager belongs and fleeing into the forest. Skills and Feats: Bluff +5, Diplomacy +6, Hide +4, Intimidate +4, Knowledge (nature) +5, Listen +7, Search +5, Sense Motive +5, Spot +7, Swim +17; Alertness, Wingover. Chokedamp Very Young Green Dragon Chokedamp fancies himself a deadly aerial hunter who rules the skies above the forest canopy. At this stage of his life, however, Chokedamp stands out more as a cunning negotiator. He has forged a partnership with a pack of worgs whose territory overlaps his own, and through the worgs, he has a loose alliance with a tribe of goblins. Skills and Feats: Bluff +5, Diplomacy +14, Intimidate +9, Listen +8, Search +8, Sense Motive +8, Spot +9, Swim +20; Flyby Attack, Multiattack, Wingover. Ottwarslyndanox Young Green Dragon Ottwarslyndanox has long been at odds with a small community of elves that live within the confines of the forest that she considers her property. In her younger years, Ottwarslyndanox made direct raids on the settlement, but she was soundly repulsed each time. Now, though she is a much greater force to be reckoned with, she approaches her foes with more caution.
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