Disease and parasite pressures threaten managed pollinators (well established) and while a range of prevention and treatment options are available (well established) there are many opportunities to improve pollinator health outcomes through training arteria jejunalis cheap atenolol 100 mg on line, technology development and research arteriogram definition generic atenolol 50mg on line. Varroa mites, a key parasite of honey bees, have developed resistance to some chemical treatments (well established) so new treatment options are required (6. New managed pollinator species could contribute to agricultural pollination but incur a risk of disease transfer to wild populations and species invasions (well established). For example, the development of commercial bumble bee rearing and management has transformed the cultivation of several crops in glasshouse settings but there have been disease impacts on wild pollinators (well established) (6. Such monitoring would address major knowledge gaps on the status and trends of pollinators and pollination, particularly outside Western Europe. Wild pollinators can be monitored to some extent through citizen science projects focused on bees, birds or pollinators generally (6. Strategic initiatives on pollinators and pollination can lead to important research outcomes and national policy changes (established but incomplete). Fundamental and applied research on pollinators can generate findings of real policy relevance, especially when the research is designed to answer questions posed by policy makers, land managers and other stakeholders (well established) (6. Education and outreach projects focused on pollinators and pollination that combine awarenessraising with practical training and opportunity for action have a good chance of generating real behaviour change, and there is direct evidence for this in a small number of cases (established but incomplete). There are very many pollinator-focused education and outreach projects around the world. Most are relatively new (within the last five years) and so effects on broader pollinator abundance and diversity might not be seen yet (6. Tools and methods are available to inform policy decisions about pollinators and pollination including risk assessment, cost-benefit analysis, decision support tools and evidence synthesis. All of those except evidence synthesis require further method development and standardisation (well established). Other available tools that are well developed but not yet used specifically for pollinators include environmental accounting and multi-criteria analysis. Maps of pollination seem useful for targeting interventions to areas according to service valuation or service supply, but available maps at national or larger scales may be unreliable, because they have not been tested to find out if they accurately reflect actual pollination of crops or wild flowers (established but incomplete) (6. There remain significant uncertainties regarding pollinator decline and impacts on agriculture and ecosystems (well established). Decisions about how to reduce risks can be improved if uncertainty is clearly recognised, characterised and communicated (well established). Some sources of uncertainty are unavoidable, because there is inherent unpredictability in natural ecosystems and human economies. There are both synergies and trade-offs among pollinator-related responses and policy options (well established). An example of synergy is that creation and conservation of pollinator habitats can enhance wider biodiversity (well established), as well as several ecosystem services including natural pest control (established but incomplete), soil and water quality, aesthetics, and human cultural and psychological values (inconclusive). An example of a trade-off is that organic farming benefits pollinators, but in many (not all) farming systems, current organic practices usually produce lower yields (well established). This trade-off may be minimised by supporting research into ecological intensification to help enhance organic farm yields without losing the pollination benefits, or by encouraging organic farms in less-productive agricultural landscapes, where yield differences between organic and conventional agriculture are lower (inconclusive) (6. Appendix 6A describes the methods and approaches used to write this chapter, including how the list of considered responses was developed. The ways in which scientific, indigenous and local knowledge are used during the policy cycle, and incorporated into policy, are complex and much discussed (for example, Juntti et al. Relevant knowledge must be provided at the correct point in the policy cycle, if it is to be useful to policy makers, but the likelihood of its actual use also depends on economics, politics, governance and decision-making processes unique to each specific context. As a general guide, the scientific, indigenous and local knowledge reviewed in Chapters 4, 5 and 6 are most useful for policy formulation, implementation and evaluation. Knowledge from Chapters 2, 3 and 5 is most useful for agenda setting, which involves identifying problems that require a policy response. Pollinators and pollination are relevant concerns in a range of policy areas, demonstrated by review of relevant legislation (Tang et al. The important policy areas, and the subsections of this chapter that discuss possible policy responses, are: · · · Agriculture and public health (section 6. By responses, we mean actions, interventions, policies or strategies designed to support pollinators or mitigate against pollinator decline, carried out at any scale by individuals or organisations.
Claude McKay blood pressure medication first line discount atenolol 50mg without prescription, Home to Harlem (Boston: Northeastern University Press hypertension erectile dysfunction discount 50mg atenolol with visa, 1987), 32, 5758. Laura Kipnis, "Marx: the Video" (script), in Ecstasy Unlimited: On Sex, Capital, Gender, and Aesthetics, foreword by Paul Smith (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1993), 289. Robyn Wiegman, American Anatomies: Theorizing Race and Gender (Durham: Duke University Press, 1995), 23. Fredric Jameson, Marxism and Form: Twentieth-Century Dialectical Theories of Literature (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1971), 127. Such affects are primitive or infantile to the degree that they amount to magical incantations, a conjuring up of the object just exactly as we long for it, at the same time we hold the rest of the world, and our own desire, magically in suspension, arresting all change and the very passage of real time itself. As though everything in the world were not interrelated and interdependent in the most astonishing and imperceptible fashion! As though the very changes in the world required to bring about our ultimate possession of the longed-for object did not run the risk of transforming the very object itself to the point where it no longer strikes us as very desirable, or of transforming ourselves to the point where we no longer desire it! Such emotions or feelings therefore not only imply a kind of provincialism of the present, into which we are plunged so utterly that we lose the very possibility of imagining a future which might be radically and constitutionally other; their analysis also implies a kind of ethics, a keeping faith with the open character of the future, a life in time which holds to the prospect of the absolutely unexpected as the only expectation" (Marxism and Form, 126127). By the whole defence-mechanism thus set in action a projection outwards of the menace from the instinct has been achieved. The ego behaves as if the danger of an outbreak of anxiety threatened it not from the direction of an instinct but from the direction of perception: this enables the ego to react against this external danger with the attempts at flight consisting of the avoidances characteristic of a phobia. See, for instance, the discussion of introjection and expulsion in Sigmund Freud, "Instincts and Their Vicissitudes," ibid. This is the case study in which paranoia is infamously theorized not just in terms of a syntactic transformation, but as the outcome of the repression of male homosexuality. I am indebted to Thalia Field for finding this point lurking in my larger argument. Brian Massumi, "Preface" and "Everywhere You Want to Be: Introduction to Fear," in Massumi, ed. On the centrality of "neurasthenia" to twentieth-century American literature and culture, and the uses made of its discourse by Theodore Dreiser, Theodore Roosevelt, William James, Hamlin Garland, and others, see Tom Lutz, American Nervousness, 1903: An Anecdotal History (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1991). The American Heritage Dictionary, 2nd college edition (1991), defines "cantilever" as "a projecting beam or other structure supported only at one end"; "a beam or other member projecting beyond a fulcrum and supported by a balancing member or a downward force behind the fulcrum. Laura Mulvey, "Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema," in Feminist Film Theory: A Reader, ed. Jonathan Lear, Love and Its Place in Nature: A Philosophical Interpretation of Freudian Psychoanalysis (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1990), 38. Sue Campbell argues this thesis extensively in Interpreting the Personal (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1997); see especially "Expression and the Individuation of Feeling" (4674). He stresses that the discharge or purgation of "psychic energy" typically ascribed to catharsis in early psychoanalytic theory is actually a theoretical fantasy of discharge or purgation-one described by the hysterical patient (Anna O) herself, though not explicitly conceptualized by her as such. Thus, "the case of Anna O shows us, right at the beginning of psychoanalysis, that. Here we should recall that Elster deliberately seeks to enlist Scottie, precisely in his role as anxious skeptic or observer, as part of his initial scheme. Sшren Kierkegaard, the Concept of Anxiety: A Simple Psychologically Orienting Deliberation on the Dogmatic Issue of Hereditary Sin, ed. Heidegger also claims that "ontologically mood is a primordial kind of Being for Dasein, in which Dasein is disclosed to itself prior to all cognition and volition, and beyond their range of disclosure" (Being and Time, 175). The relation of anxiety to its object [is] to something that is nothing" (The Concept of Anxiety, 42, 43). Contemporary philosophers of affect have similarly been compelled to reassert this difference: Greimas and Fontanille, for example, write that "fear is real only in terms of a coming event, one that is in play here in terms of an object of knowledge that mobilizes expectations. Paul Perron and Frank Collins (Minneapolis: University of Minneapolis Press, 1993), 138. As many critics have noted, this is the same thesis Kierkegaard proposes in the Concept of Anxiety. See, for instance, Dam Magurshak, "The Concept of Anxiety: the Keystone of the Kierkegaard-Heidegger Relationship," in Robert L. Aside from the constant and deliberate blurring/reshifting of kinship relations that occurs early in the novel-crossing lines of exogamous and endogamous affiliation (mothers become sisters, sisters become wives, wives become nuns)-once Lucy moves to the city, the symbolic roles of Isabel and Lucy modulate and become increasingly difficult to fix. If one wants to read the novel as a sequence of generic shifts, Isabel as conventional Gothic figure (dark, nomadic, mysterious, a site of "unknown, foreign feminineness") appears to neatly supplant Lucy as classic heroine of the sentimental novel (blonde, bourgeois, virginal).
A summary of the most important data limitations and needs for valuing pollination services at different scales is given in Table 4 hypertension readings cheap 100 mg atenolol overnight delivery. Thus hypertension obesity atenolol 100mg fast delivery, this approach is well suited for valuing pollination services across temporal scales, because several factors influencing pollination benefits can be addressed and forecasted. This would include ecological aspects, such as plant and pollinator phenological patterns and future trends, pollinator abundance and diversity changes, and economic variable, such as yield, production costs and prices. There are several different types of time series analyses and models (see Tsay, 2002; Montgomery et al. More complex time series analyses, such as stochastic simulations and complex forecasting models constitute a powerful tool to determine the impacts of pollinator loss under different land use scenarios (Keitt, 2009) but no studies have yet applied these techniques to pollination services (Section 7). Forecasting methods are frequently used in econometrics, finance and meteorology, but their use in ecological analyses is increasing (Clark et al. Availability of new data sets and the development of sophisticated computation and statistical methods, such as hierarchical models (Clark et al. However, these scenarios do not take into account the interaction between ecosystem services and our human society. In the Techno garden and Adapting Mosaic scenarios, ecosystem services are recognized as important for society and need to be maintain and developed, whereas in the Global Orchestration and Order from Strength scenarios, they are replaced when it is possible or made robust enough to be self-maintained. Pollination services were explicitly addressed within these scenarios: Global Orchestration, Order from Strength and Techno garden projected a loss of pollination services because of species losses, use of biocides, climate change, pollinator diseases and landscape fragmentation. In the Adapting Mosaic scenario, pollination services remain stable due to regional ecosystem management programs. However, these scenario options do not consider the economic value of these changes. The scenarios presented above are general (national or global scales) and difficult to apply to a specific region. More precisely, a scenario is a storyline that describes the evolution of the world from now to a possible situation (Garry et al. Scenarios are constructed to provide insight into drivers of change, reveal the implications of current trajectories, and illuminate options for action. Qualitative deliberation can be undertaken between experts, consultants, researchers and stakeholders. More recent scenarios often combine the qualitative and quantitative approaches;. Their analysis indicated that producers in the region would experience losses of between 0. These general scenarios have difficulties in quantifying the changes in both wild and managed bees across a range of possible futures and evaluating the economic consequences. Crossing different ecological and agronomic variables and land management strategies, the model predicts the evolution of wild and managed bees from a local to national level. In brief, scenarios are a tool that aim to help guide the stakeholders for decision making in giving them the possible future state of the abundance and diversity of pollinators and the benefits of their services. However, they do not provide information on the actions to take, the instrument to use or other that stakeholder should entertain in order to undergo in one specific scenario that seems better than the others do. The effect of a marginal change in pollinator populations can be directly observed in the crop market, however unless a region is a major producer of a crop, the impact is likely to be small (Section 2. These analyses are limited to the crop market, whereas sometimes the stakeholder would need a more complex analysis, which considers national or global scale analyses. At a national scale, economic analysis can consider the interaction of different markets through a multimarket analysis or a general equilibrium model. These allow modelling of the impacts of pollinator loss on other sectors that do not depend on pollinators in the analysis, i. Thus, the spatial scale is important to consider because the type of economic approach fundamentally depends on it. In the next subsections, we present the factors that need to be taken into account when considering the different spatial scales. One of the causes of such loss is the fractal nature of spatial information (Vermaat et al. Macroeconomics is the study of the entire economy including employment, inflation, international trade, and monetary issues.
However blood pressure heart rate generic 100 mg atenolol free shipping, some conclusions could be drawn from examination of the failed adapter hypertension risks purchase 50 mg atenolol with visa, reassembled as shown in Figure 9. Through study of the damage to the adapter and the components mounted within the adapter, and inspection of the markings on the test fixture mounting been developed which has appeared to be valid. The locations of the significant components relative to the adapter and to the fixture mounting ring are shown in Figures 9 and 10a. An initial compression failure of the adapter occurs in the +X, +Y quadrant (Figure 10b). The vehicle starts to rotate about an axis which is approximately parallel to the Y-axis and which intersects the -X axis near the periphery of the adapter. The spacecraft then rolls over the edge of fixture and comes to rest against the cover and wall of the centrifuge chamber. These are discussed in the following paragraphs as is the conclusion that was drawn, based on the evidence noted, as to the validity of the theory presented. This would have been greater if interference was sufficient to cause coining loads. Longerons in failure area evidenced very low margins of safety pretest structural analysis. There is no evidence of other failure before adapter collapse that can be substantiated. When included, the effects of the eccentricity of loading in the adapter longeron analysis, as will be shown, indicated the existence of failing stresses. Conclusion; the adapter was understrength for the acceleration test loads and initial failure was a compression collapse of the adapter primary structure. Adapter Materials Analysis As part of the failure analysis, it was considered necessary to verify the mechanical properties of the materials used in the failed adapter. To this end, test samples were obtained from the skin and longerons of the failed adapter and tested for tensile strength and elongation. The results have indicated that the tested materials met or exceeded the material specification minimum requirements. The surface pitting discovered in the magnesium skin was probably present when the adapter was manufactured and may be typical of the material. From this investigation, it was concluded that the adapter material properties were satisfactory and did not contribute to the failure. This led to the possibility that the adapter failure could be attributed to a prior experiences. Usage on the adapter prior its wealmess caused by possibility, a review of the adapter to the acceleration test failure was as follows: total of 1. The adapter had experienced a testing, about 2 hours of vibration or approximately 1 million cycles of loading at various levels. An analysis of the theoretical fatigue damage was not performed because it would have been difficult and costly to review all the test data and convert it accurately to the required stress/cycles data. The conclusion was that fatigue was probably not the primary cause of the failure. Because the acceleration test data and the subsequent analysis review showed the longeron crown to be a low stress region, the conclusion was reached that the open holes had no significant influence on the adapter failure. X-rays and subsequent sectioning of rivets revealed that rivet holes had been damaged when the reinforcing angles had been added to the tops of longerons 1, 2, 4, 7, and 11 and to the bottom of longerons 2 and 11, the damage had been caused by the drilling out of the rivets and the resulting voids are randomly oriented about the rivet circumference. Because the voids were randomly distributed and they did not exist at the bottom of longerons 4, 5, 6, and 7, where the adapter failure apparently started, it was concluded that this did not contribute significantly to the adapter failure, Assurance records for the adapter showed that all changes, discrepancies, and material review actions had been satisfactorily completed prior to the acceleration test. It was concluded that the adapter used for the acceleration test was adequately representative of the flight of the Product A check adapter and did not fail due to the effects of previous use. Stress Analysis Review and Revision Prior to the acceleration test, the adapter had been analyzed for the expected test loads and was found to have sufficient margin to survive loads least 50 percent higher than the test loads. The adapter failure, and the at absence of any other obvious deficiency in the adapter, brought the validity of the analysis into question. The impact of analytical model assumptions on the adapter loads and the acceleration test failure was investigated. The anal5d;ical model assumes all of the longeron centroids to be in the plane of the skin. The following longeron stresses were calculated for the critical longeron 5, midway between the lower frame (hat section) and the lower moimting ring: · Maximum skin stress = 31,590 psi, compression.
In many countries there is an interest in managing these habitats for biodiversity blood pressure medication depression order atenolol 50 mg otc, but this response must be considered to be proposed but with great potential blood pressure chart 18 year old discount 100 mg atenolol with amex. Many green-space habitats are ignored in conservation plans despite their value, an issue that must be addressed (Harrison and Davies, 2002; Muratet et al. One of the key goals of this initiative is the development of plans and policy to establish or protect pollinator habitats. Technical responses are the most widely established and the most scientifically tested. For many of those relating to land management, such as planting flowers, or restoring seminatural habitat, there is high confidence in positive effects on pollinators themselves, with many studies showing that pollinators make use of new resources provided for them (biodiversity). There is much less evidence of longer-term effects on pollinator populations, and limited evidence of effects on pollination. Economic and legal responses tend to be established, with some evidence of impacts on pollinators and pollination. Regulatory control through obligatory registration and standards (legal responses) are most strongly established in the pesticides sector (6. Among economic market-based instruments, voluntary incentives such as certification or agrienvironment schemes are established in some regions in the agriculture and managed pollinator sectors (6. Taxes, which are obligatory market-based instruments, have been proposed to discourage pesticide use, but not tested. Social/behavioural responses, even those that are established, seldom have robust evidence of effectiveness. Many examples come from indigenous and traditional knowledge, such as voluntary codes of practice among farming and beekeeping communities and community groups working together (6. Exceptions to this are the evidence on ability of Farmer Field Schools to change pest management practices (see section 6. Indigenous and local knowledge particularly enhances scientific knowledge in the area of diversified farming systems (5. It also complements scientific knowledge by adding significantly to scientific information on husbandry techniques and habitat management for managed pollinators other than Apis mellifera (sections 5. Whereas some land-use analyses have applied a total valuation approach, decision making is generally guided by the marginal change in value associated with an action. Ricketts and Lonsdorf (2013) show that some patches of habitat have a much higher value under marginal valuation. It has members and 120 partner organizations from all three countries, and is co-ordinated by the Pollinator Partnership. Its aim was to coordinate action worldwide to: monitor pollinator decline; address the lack of taxonomic information on pollinators; assess the economic value of pollination; and promote the conservation and sustainable use of pollinator diversity. It has developed a number of useful tools and guidance, including a protocol for detecting and measuring pollination deficit in crops tested in at least eighteen countries (Vaissiere et al. The International Pollinators Initiative also maintains the Pollination Information Management System (see Decision Support Tools in section 6. One that preceeded it was these include the African Pollinator Initiative and the Brazilian Pollinators Initiative. There are a few examples where an understanding of ecosystem services has been used to influence land use planning outcomes, such as the often cited example of the New York City water management (Kremen and Ostfeld, 2005). We were unable to find an implemented example where pollination or pollinator protection has been one of the primary drivers in land-use planning. There are, however, a number of research projects that have used pollination as one of the key ecosystem services in analyses of the cost impact of different land-use change scenarios (Olschewski et al. Land-use planning is more likely to build on an understanding of multiple overlapping benefits (and costs) associated with different land-use scenarios rather than a single ecosystem service, such as crop pollination. This approach is also more likely to detect economic advantages associated with habitat protection, because the sum of multiple benefits will be greater than that from any single service unless there are strong trade-offs between services (Olschewski et al. In 2010, the African Pollinator Initiative published a guide for the identification of tropical bee genera and subgenera of sub-Saharan Africa, in both English and French. Between 2010 and 2014, 349 free copies of the book were distributed to people in 16 countries, including Cameroon, Ethiopia, Sri Lanka and Malaysia. More recently, several countries have initiated strategic policy initiatives on pollinators at the national level. There is no doubt that these integrated actions and strategies can lead to policy change with the potential to influence pollinator management on the ground.
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